Coffee in the Basement, Tea on the Second Floor: A Short History of John Little at Raffles Place

By Yap Jo Lin

Of all the department stores in Singapore, none has had a longer history than John Little. In all, John Little lasted 174 years; it opened its doors in 1842 and closed its last store at Plaza Singapura in 2016. At one point, John Little had locations all over Singapore, including Specialists’ Shopping Centre (Orchard Gateway today) and Marina Square.

One of its most enduring contributions was to Singapore’s cityscape in the form of its iconic building at Raffles Place. While the Singapore Land Tower now stands in its place, details of the building’s façade have been reproduced at the entrances of Raffles Place Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Station.

Raffles Place MRT, 2023. Details from the gable have been reproduced at the entrances to the Raffles Place MRT station. Photo by Jimmy Yap.

John Little’s Beginnings

The John Little department store got its start in 1842 when Scotsman John Martin Little joined the Raffles Place business of his relative Francis S. Martin, who was a storekeeper and auctioneer. In 1845, Martin exited the company, leaving it in the hands of Little and a Parsi gentleman named Cursetjee Frommurzee. The company changed its name to Little, Cursetjee & Co.¹ During this time, Cursetjee brought a gentleman from Australia into the fold. This gentleman was Philip Robinson, who eventually went on to establish rival department store Robinsons (which bought over John Little in 1955).²

The Little-Cursetjee partnership was dissolved in 1853, and John Little teamed up with his younger brother Matthew Little and renamed the company John Little & Co.³ The brothers eventually retired in the UK; John left Singapore in the 1860s and died in Blackheath, south London in 1894, while Matthew moved to Hampstead in north London in 1877 and died in 1902.⁴

A New Storefront at Raffles Place

Notwithstanding the exit of the Little brothers from the company, the department store continued to thrive and in 1895, the architecture firm Swan & Maclaren was commissioned to design a new storefront for their Raffles Place premises. Architectural historian Julian Davison suggests in his history of Swan & Maclaren that John Little’s impetus for change could have been competition from Katz Brothers Ltd, another department store that was setting up its flagship store at Raffles Place around the same time.⁵

John Little’s new storefront featured domed pavilions on either side with a “sawn-off” top – meaning that the domes were not perfectly round or sloping at the top. The domes also had dormer windows, or windows that jut out vertically from a sloping plane.

The building plan of the new storefront was titled “Proposed Alterations to Messrs John Little & Coy’s Godown”, interestingly referring to a godown rather than a store or shop. While the term “godown” is associated with a warehouse today, Davison explains that earlier godowns were sometimes multipurpose, storing goods on the ground floor, with offices or reception areas on their upper levels. This was both practical and for security – in the days of the East India Company, godowns also included accommodation that allowed staff to keep an eye on their goods around the clock. In the case of John Little, its godown was for the storage and sale of goods.⁶

This plan (top) was drafted in 1895 by the architecture firm Swan & Maclaren for alterations to the façade of the John Little store. The site plan (see map detail above) shows the location of the building along Raffles Place at the corner with Battery Road – right where Singapore Land Tower is today. Building Control Division Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore (120/1895).

Rebuilding John Little

Swan & Maclaren were called upon again in 1908 to completely rebuild the Raffles Place premises. Among other things, the new building was taller, and the columns and archways on the ground floor were arranged differently. The columns were more widely spaced and the arches between them were less steep, creating a more open feel that invited passers-by to look at the window displays. The Straits Times reported that the passageway outside the building was a spacious 11 ft (3 m) wide, allowing for much more foot traffic than the average shophouse five-foot way.⁷

Another prominent feature of the new building was the gable, a triangular portion of wall with sloped roofs on either side. John Little’s new building had a gable that stretched 65 ft (19 m) across three bays of the façade, reaching a height of 93 ft (28 m) above ground.⁸ Details of the gable have been replicated at the entrances to Raffles Place MRT Station as a nod to the iconic building.

The old (1885–1900, top) and new (c.1930, above) John Little buildings at Raffles Place – the new building had more floors and the arrangement of columns and archways on the ground floor was adjusted to allow for a more spacious feel. Kwan Yue Keng Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore (top), Lim Kheng Chye Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore (above).

This 1908 plan shows details of the top elevation of the John Little building, including the building’s distinctive gable. Swan & Maclaren Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore (6(13)/1908).

Basement and Retail Space

The John Little building had four storeys, with the lowest floor (which was slightly below ground level) kept for back-of-house operations. The three upper storeys were dedicated to retail.

Besides storage, the lowest floor also housed rooms for coffee grinding and roasting, as well as storing and bottling wine. In her oral history interview with the National Archives of Singapore, pioneering Girl Guide and active supporter of social causes Myra Isabelle Cresson explained that her father had overseen bottling wine from casks or barrels that were imported into Singapore.⁹ The idea of bottling wine locally may seem strange, but it was probably a practical thing to do then. Wine stored in wooden barrels was more likely to survive a long journey by ship as opposed to wine stored in individual glass bottles. The basement was also where John Little serviced its regional customers. These customers did not come to the physical store in Singapore but instead placed orders from what is now Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.¹⁰

In the retail space of the upper floors, goods were displayed in an open concept, thanks to a steel-frame construction that had become a de rigueur construction practice in Singapore.¹¹ The store’s timber flooring was a hardwood called kapor (camphor) and the teak interior fittings had been crafted by John Little’s team of 800 Chinese cabinetmakers and polishers. With the exception of Austrian bentwood chairs, these artisans also produced all the furniture that was on sale. The furniture was produced at a workshop off Orchard Road, between Koek and Cavanagh roads – roughly where Orchard Plaza stands today.¹²

This photo from the 1910s of the glassware and crockery section of John Little allows us to appreciate the store’s open concept feel, as well as its beautiful hardwood floors. Lee Kip Lin Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore.

Besides furniture, shoppers were also privy to a wide range of goods at the opening, some of which would be considered unusual today.¹³ Customers could browse sections in the department store such as drugs and perfumery (the pharmacy);¹⁴ bags and trunks (luggage);¹⁵ arms and ammunition (a common section in early department stores thanks to hunting);¹⁶ women’s drapery (fabrics and textiles);¹⁷ and ironmongery (referring to metal-based houseware like the cast-iron pans of today).

Facilities

The facilities at John Little were designed to provide every comfort to its customers. They included two electric lifts, over 50 electric fans, 14 telephones and a post box where mail was collected once every hour from 6 am to 6 pm.¹⁸ 

John Little also had ladies’ retiring rooms – similar to restrooms – as well as reading and writing rooms.¹⁹ It may seem odd for a department store to have reading and writing rooms, but the idea originated in Paris at the department store Au Bon Marché. Au Bon Marché introduced a reading room in 1870 as a lounge-type area where customers could sit down, rest and recharge before their next bout of shopping.²⁰

Customers could also relax at John Little’s famous ladies’ tearoom. The tearoom was not just a beautiful space, it was also one of the few restaurants in the area where it was acceptable for women to dine. The tearoom was most likely frequented by European women but not women of other ethnicities. In her oral history interview, former Chinese Women’s Association president Mrs May Wong recalls her visit to the John Little tearoom:²¹

“And then I went to town and I noticed that there were hardly anybody – any women in town – near John Little’s or Robinsons... The women didn’t go out, in those days. Then I was going downtown one day and my husband said, ‘Well, you have lunch downtown… [Y]ou can go up to John Little’s they have a dining room there. I think some European women go [there] to have lunch.’ … I went up into John Little’s ... And then I noticed that the man, the waiter, walking back and forth and looking at me. Finally, I said to him, ‘You wanna ask me something?’ ... He says, ‘You’re a visitor here?’ I said yes. He says, ‘Because no Chinese women will come up to eat. And especially you’re eating alone so you must be a visitor.’ I said yes. And then he said, ‘Are you a circus performer?’ Because there was a circus in town from China and there was a charity performance. I said, ‘A what?’ I asked him six times, I couldn’t believe my ears when he said a circus performer. Standing on the tightrope. And I said, ‘Tightrope?’ I said, ‘No, I’m sorry, I’m not a circus performer.’ I said, ‘I just come here on a visit, I’m not a performer.’”²²

The ladies’ tearoom at John Little, 1910s. Lee Kip Lin Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore.

John Little in the Postwar Period

The end of World War II ushered in many changes in Singapore and John Little was no exception. Archival photos trace the store’s evolution over time – for instance, one photo depicts real life nurses standing in John Little’s window display tending to a dummy patient as part of a recruitment campaign for Singapore hospitals in 1952. The choice of John Little as the chosen location for this recruitment drive suggests that it was no longer just for high society and was attracting a more diverse range of customers by the 1950s. Another photo shows John Little’s name advertised prominently at the front of the store not just in English, but also in Chinese and Jawi – another indication that the store was expanding beyond its European clientele.

Nurses at a John Little shop window tending to a dummy patient as part of a 1952 recruitment campaign. Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore.

A 1960 photo of the John Little exterior showing the store name displayed in English, Chinese and Jawi. Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore.

A John Little window display from 1950, with the prominent word “Little’s” at the bottom of the window. This display was set up for a “Britain Builds for the World” promotion and the lion and unicorn crest in the background is a likely reference to the British coat of arms. Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore.

In 1955, Robinsons bought over John Little, and it continued to operate at its Raffles Place premises for about five years.²³ Following its departure, other shops and offices occupied the building until it was demolished in 1973 and replaced with Singapore Land Tower.

After John Little moved out of its iconic Raffles Place building, it set up shop in various locations (such as Specialists’ Shopping Centre). The department store later moved into the heartlands, establishing itself in suburban malls such as Compass Point, White Sands, Tiong Bahru Plaza and Jurong Point. In 2007, the John Little flagship store moved out of Specialists’ Shopping Centre to Marina Square. A year later, Robinson & Co. was bought over by Dubai-based conglomerate Al-Futtaim. By 2015 only two John Little stores – at Plaza Singapura and Jurong Point – remained. Both outlets were shuttered in 2016, bringing John Little’s long and storied history to a close.²⁴

About the Author
Yap Jo Lin is a Senior Archivist with the National Archives of Singapore. Her responsibilities include managing the archives’ collection of building plans.